Background and Aim: This study is performed to evaluate the results of lengthening of the fingers or congenitally short phalanxes, metacarpal and metatarsal BONES by callus distraction technique. In this study we used a newly designed callus distraction device which is simple, reliable and easy to use.Material and Methods: This study included 46 patients, 20 females and 26 males with short BONES of hands or feet. The mean age of the patients was 17 years (age range 4-23 years). 67% of our patients had traumatic amputation of fingers or toes. The mean duration of follow up of the patients was 56 months.Results: The mean length of metacarpal, phalangeal and metatarsal BONES before surgery was 31 mm (range 30-35 mm). The mean bone length increase after surgery was 16 mm (range 15 to 27 mm) i.e. more than 50% of the bone length. Mean healing index ratio was 5.53 days/millimeter. No bone graft was required after bone lengthening. Complications were, pin tract infection in 2.5%, hypertrophic scar on the dorsum of foot in 8.5%, neurovascular complications in 1%, reversible stiffness in joints in 9.5% and bone pain in 12% of the patients.Conclusion: Callus distraction is an effective and reliable method for lengthening of short phalangeal, metacarpal and metatarsal BONES. It also preserves the periosteal bone tissue. Our distractor device is reliable and highly effective for callotesis.

Introduction: The sutural BONES and fontanelle of the skull display unique morphological characters. Sutural BONES are also called supernumerary BONES, ossicles, or Wormian BONES (WBs). These irregularities develop from the independent ossification centers present along the cranial sutures. They appear on periosteal and endosteal surfaces of the skull with variations in size, number, shape, and location. In the current study, we aimed to determine the morphological characteristics of sutural BONES and their association with parietal emissary foramina. Methods: The current study was done on 128 dry human skulls by a convenient sampling method. The skulls were collected from the Department of Anatomy. Many characteristic features of Inca and Wormian BONES like shape, number, size, and location were recorded, including abnormal parietal emissary foramen associated with the Wormian and Inca bone, respectively. Results: Out of 128 dry skulls, the Wormian BONES were seen in 13. 2% of skulls and the Inca BONES in 5. 4%. Incorporation of Wormian BONES in the lambdoid suture was noted in 12. 5% and the sagittal suture at 0. 7%, respectively. The Wormian BONES were found frequently on the left side (n=12) compared to the right side (n=5). The morphometry of the accessory BONES showed quadrilateral as the most common shape (n=9, 37. 5%), followed by triangular (n=4, 16. 6%). Radiological examination of all 24 skulls with accessory BONES showed a zigzag pattern of accessory suture lines. The prevalence of abnormal parietal emissary foramen (bilateral and unilateral absence associated with the Wormian bone was noted at 23. 5%. The prevalence of abnormal parietal emissary foramen (unilateral absence and foramen on the sagittal suture) related to the Inca bone was reported at 71. 4%. Conclusion: The presence of Wormian and Inca BONES can be easily confused with fractures of the corresponding bony regions. The surgeons must know this to make a proper and accurate diagnosis. Knowledge of these BONES benefits the clinician, radiologist, and neurosurgeon highly.

Pelvic BONES injuries may cause lameness in horses. Radiography of pelvic region in horse is usually unsatisfactory due to difficulties and dangers. Meanwhile, advanced radiographic machines are not easily available which result in delay in diagnosis and treatment. In the current study, ultrasonography of the pelvic BONES in 5 healthy horses, the approaches, and normal views were evaluated using A2-5 MHZ convex probe for transcutaneous and 5-10 MHZ rectal probe for transrectal techniques. Ultrasonographic approaches for evaluating different parts of the pelvic region were defined and the bony structures were nominated. Pelvic sonography was indicative by the smooth and strong echo of the bone surface in most parts. Iliac body showed rough surface, Ischial tuber and arch just beneath the tail. The most difficult region for evaluation was coxofemoral joint. The dorsal surface of the joint was assessed by transcutaneous approach. Our findings showed that sonography can provide useful information about possible injuries of the pelvic region. This technique can be recommended for horse peluic evaluation either before pelvic radiography or in the absence of advanced radiographic equipments.

Background: Tuberculosis is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is a contagious and infectious disease; in the first stage, it destroys the lungs and in the next stage other body organs, such as the spine and long BONES. This disease is transmitted through an infected person and due to the weakness of the immune system, the infection intensifies. Tuberculosis has two stages: low activity and high activity. In this article, we have discussed the signs of tuberculosis destruction with high intensity on the BONES of prehistory human remains. Methods: The examples of our research are related to human remains from the ancient cemetery of 4000 years ago from Sagezabad region of Qazvin Province of Iran. That period of history coincides with the Iron Age 2 and 3 in the region. People inside the Sagezabad cemetery were very near to early urban (the late rural) society. Results: By matching the form of bone destruction with international atlases for tuberculosis, we have reached a satisfactory result in this article. Due to the strong penetration of the infection into the BONES, destruction in the remains was high, so it has simplified the diagnosis for us. Conclusion: We found tuberculosis among the BONES. This common ancient disease existed even among Neanderthals.